mTOR - what is it?

mTOR, or mammalian target of rapamycin, is a critical protein that plays a central role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival.

Human beings are always looking to activate pathways that can radically alter the outcome of their lives. mTOR has acquired the status of potentially being one such. 

So, does mTOR live up to its hype? 

mTOR responds to various environmental cues, such as nutrient availability, energy levels, and stress signals. By orchestrating these responses, mTOR ensures that cells function optimally, contributing to overall health and well-being.

At the heart of mTOR's function is its ability to sense and integrate signals related to nutrient status, particularly amino acids, glucose, and oxygen.

If you have learned even a little bit about the human body, you will recognise this as metabolism—converting food into energy in the presence of oxygen. 

There are two forms of mTOR: mTORC1 and mTORC2.

mTORC1 is primarily involved in protein and fat metabolism. mTORC2 is mainly associated with the regulation of cell shape, movement, and survival.

The activation of mTOR can be influenced by various factors, making it a target of interest for both health optimisation and disease prevention.

One primary way to activate mTOR is through nutrient intake, especially protein consumption. Amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are potent activators of mTORC1.

Leucine, an essential amino acid, is particularly effective in this role. When amino acids are abundant, mTORC1 is activated, leading to increased protein synthesis and cellular growth.

Exercise, especially resistance training, is another potent activator of mTOR.

Physical activity induces mechanical stress and muscle damage, triggering pathways that activate mTOR, which in turn promotes muscle repair and growth.

This is one reason why combining adequate protein intake with regular exercise is often recommended for muscle building and overall metabolic health.

Caloric restriction, for instance, has been shown to downregulate mTOR activity, which is associated with increased longevity and a reduced incidence of age-related diseases.

Conversely, overeating and a sedentary lifestyle can lead to chronic activation of mTOR, contributing to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.

You know what is strange? A healthy lifestyle activates mTOR, and a poor one overactivates it.